May 2009

Tony Martinez

Each month I will describe sights of interest in the night skies of South Carolina. These sights will be broken down into three sections; what you can see with the naked eye, with binoculars, and with a small telescope. The best time to view the night sky is at and around the times when the Moon is not visible, what is known as a New Moon; which will occur this month on May 24th. For May, your best viewing nights will be from May 14th through May 28th. The Star chart below is set for Florence, SC on May 15th at 10 pm.

                                                                                               

ScienceSouth’s New Astronomy Program: The Sidewalk Astronomer

Update:  Our Sidewalk astronomy program continues each month. On April 25^th at our Mad Scientist Gala at the ScienceSouth Pavilion we had our big Dob telescope out.  Everyone enjoyed the excellent view of Saturn, even though the rings are tipped toward us.  We also viewed the Beehive star cluster, and could clearly see that the naked eye double star in the Big Dipper’s handle (Mizar and Alcor) is really a triple star system.  Our Dob could easily split Mizar into Mizar A and B.  Please note that although the famous “double” star Mizar and Alcor has been known for centuries, it is not a true double star, because they do not orbit each other.  Mizar A and B however is a true double star system. 

As of this writing, we are planning to be at the Florence Civic Center late afternoon and early evening on May 7^th at the Darlington Car Hauler Event. We will have our solar telescope and solar projection apparatus available. Other Sidewalk Astronomy events in May will be posted on our website.

The Planet Neptune:

Readers of this column are usually new amateur astronomers. As such, there are many targets that are a must see for new amateurs. One set of targets on any list is to see all the planets of our solar system. This is not an especially easy task for the new amateur. Some planets are easy to see, but others are not.  Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Mars, are easy targets. Mercury is easily bright enough to see with the unaided eye, but as I explained in other columns, it can be difficult due to its proximity to the Sun. We had two good viewing positions in Dec 2008, and in April 2009, and there will be many more in the future. That leaves the two most distant planets, Uranus at about 1.7 billion miles, and Neptune at about 2.7 billion miles.  Both planets are difficult targets, and both will be visible late summer and into the fall. As you may recall, I do most of my personal viewing with large 100 mm binoculars usually at 25 power. At 25 power, I can see Uranus as a blue-green object. Neptune is also visible at 25 power, but looks star-like, and you have to use some “imagination” to see its blue color. Uranus is a little difficult to find this year because there are no bright “finder” stars near by to help out. At a billion miles farther away, Neptune is almost always a hard target for new amateurs. However, this year, Neptune has a good “finder” object near by; the planet Jupiter.

I seldom ask people to get up in the early morning for viewing before sunrise, but your best and easiest shot at finding Neptune is on May 25^th about 5 am. On that date, the two planets will appear in the closest line of sight. Now, the 25^th is a Monday, if you prefer to get up early on the 24^th or 23^rd, Neptune will be in a similar position, but slightly to the left. When Jupiter and Neptune are both evening targets in August and September, their larger separation will make it more difficult to locate Neptune. Of course once you become comfortable using star charts and computer programs, good “finder” objects will not be needed.  Below shows the position of Neptune versus Jupiter and a nearby star Mu Capricorni. The red circle represents the view through 25 power binoculars.  Don’t forget, that if you use your refracting telescope the image will be reversed right to left from what is shown below.  If you use a reflector it will be upside down versus what is shown below.

Finally, some interesting Neptune trivia. Neptune was the first planet to be predicted mathematically, before it was actually found. This was based on its gravitational effect on Uranus.  

Galileo actually saw and sketched Neptune on December 28, 1612, but thought it was a star. Galileo unfortunately viewed Neptune when it shows the least motion in the sky; right at the end of retrograde. Neptune was officially found in 1846 by Le Verrier. The image below is what Galileo saw in 1612.

Messiers: 

The Messier pick for the month is M13, the Hercules cluster. With your binoculars, it will be a tiny fuzz ball. With small telescopes it will be a bigger fuzz ball. You will need a decent size reflector to resolve any of the stars as is shown below.

Its location below is shown for 10 pm May 15^th, but of course it will be visible for the next several months.

Naked Eye Sights:  If you are a fan of planet watching, and are an earlier riser, there will be five planets in the eastern sky between 4 and 5 AM toward the end of May; Mars, Venus, and Jupiter will be naked eye objects, and Uranus and Neptune will be binocular or telescopic sights. 

Binocular Sights (7 to 10 power):  Try for Neptune with your binoculars.  Its position near Jupiter may make it a possible binocular target.  Continue your Messier list.  Try for M13, the Hercules Cluster.

Telescope Sights (60-100mm):  Try to see the most distant planet Neptune, and try to see its blue color. Don’t forget to look at the nearby Jupiter.

See you next month.

April 2009

Tony Martinez

Each month I will describe sights of interest in the night skies of South Carolina. These sights will be broken down into three sections; what you can see with the naked eye, with binoculars, and with a small telescope. The best time to view the night sky is at and around the times when the Moon is not visible, what is known as a New Moon; which will occur this month on April 24th. For April, your best viewing nights will be from April 12th through April 27th. The Star chart below is set for Florence, SC on April 15th at 9 pm.

ScienceSouth’s New Astronomy Program! The Sidewalk Astronomer

Update: Our Sidewalk Astronomy program continues each month. As of this writing, we are planning to leave the sidewalks again and attend a special star party at Lynches River Park on March 28th. Check out our website, or the local newspapers to see where we will be each month.


Messiers:

Over the months I have at times mentioned the famous Messier Objects. These 109 celestial objects include star clusters, nebula, galaxies, and other objects, and are usually described as M numbers. In the late 1700’s, the comet hunter Charles Messier catalogued these celestial objects because he did not want to mistake them for possible comets. Most of these objects can be seen with binoculars, but in this area of the country, many require 25 power or greater. It is noteworthy that in areas of the United States that are not bothered by light pollution, all 109 Messiers can be found with binoculars only. However, there are few dark sky sites left in our country, but certainly not on the east coast. Perhaps some readers travel often, and would like to know the locations of truly dark sky sites. Here is a little trick I use. Instead of searching out sophisticated light pollution maps, or nighttime satellite images, I simply use cell phone coverage maps. By using cell phone coverage maps of the largest providers, non-coverage areas are almost always in dark sky locations. In the maps below, non-cell phone coverage areas are in the pale yellow regions. So if you want beautiful clear starry nights, head to these locations.

Now back to the Messiers. I have always told people I meet that if they want to be serious about astronomy as a hobby, then they should start by trying to locate all the Messier objects. Some are easy and many are difficult, (because of light pollution) but if you try this challenge, in the process, you will learn the locations of all of the major stars and constellations of the night sky. Remember, you won’t see these objects as you do in the photos taken by Hubble and other telescopes; instead, you will be searching for “faint fuzzies.” So how do you begin? Make a simple list of all 109 Messier objects, and then simply check off or circle each one as you find them. In addition, you should use a notebook, and write notes about each Messier you find. Of course, use the Internet to gain a wealth of knowledge about the Messiers.

Look up in the sky, early this month, in the west and you will see the Pleiades (M45) and then look at the center “star” of Orion’s sword (M42). There now you can check off your first two Messiers, only 107 left to go! The list below shows some of the easiest targets. The bold numbers show objects that are visible mid evening in April. Remember, on any given night, you can extend the season by viewing late at night and into the early morning hours. Note: M35 thru M38 are easy and close together, but look for them early in the month, and early in the evening, because they are slowly setting into the northwest this month. M35 thru M38 are four open star clusters. When you locate them with your binoculars, note how these objects might be mistaken for a comet. If you look at them through a telescope, it is obvious that they are clusters of stars. M36-M38 are in the constellation Auriga. M35 is at the foot of the constellation Gemini; now you also know the location of two constellations.

Messier Objects for 7x35, 7x50, and 10x50 BINOCULARS

EASY MESSIER OBJECTS:

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22,

23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42,

44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55, 67, 92, 93,103

TOTAL = 42

To continue your search, you will need star charts, and/or preferably an astronomy program. An example is an image from the program Starry Nights.

To further help you become a Messier hunter, here is a nice Messier list that includes some common names of several objects. Clicking on each M number gives information about and photos of that object.

http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/messier_list.html


The Planet Mercury

Did you miss Mercury at the end of December 2008? If so, you have an even better chance from mid to late April. As you may recall, of the five easy planets for naked eye viewing, Mercury is the most difficult to see because it is so close to the Sun. In addition, many viewing locations do not have a clear view of the horizon. For a special treat, check out the southwest between 7- 7:30 PM on April 26th to see the crescent moon with the Pleiades directly underneath, and Mercury just under the Pleiades.


Naked Eye Sights: Look to the west and watch as Mercury moves higher in the sky, especially check it out on April 26th.

Binocular Sights (7 to 10 power): Begin your Messier list.

Telescope Sights (60-100mm): You no longer have to stay up late to watch Saturn as it climbs higher in the southeast sky. Once you locate some Messiers with your binoculars, check them out with your telescopes.


See you next month.